Psychiatric Problems Among Immigrant Black Americans Essay

Introduction Mental health is defined as a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. In this day and age, mental health is a very prevalent matter considering that more and more people are opening up about it and showing others that it indeed is okay for you or someone you may know to seek help. Unfortunately, within racial minority groups it is not as prevalent as we would hope and it remains partially understood. According to Taylor, Chatters and Nguyen (2013) â€Å"there is a limited body of research on the mental health of Black Caribbeans.† Miranda, Siddique, Belin and Kohn-Wood (2005) also stated that even â€Å"to date, very little information on psychiatric problems among immigrant black Americans is available.† In this current literature review, I will be focusing on predictors of mental health amongst Afro-Caribbeans or Black Caribbeans. I will review the results of three studies, in which, when they come together, give some factors that contribute to the onset of mental illnesses in the Afro-Caribbean/Black Caribbean community. Based on this review, I will make recommendations for people of the Afro-Caribbean/Black Caribbean community to start seeking professional help with their mental illnesses to improve the mental health awareness amongst Afro-Caribbean/Black Caribbean and with this new-found data, practitioners may be able to conduct further research in the future to Literature Review The first article was conducted by RobertShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of A Formal Multicultural Education883 Words   |  4 Pagesthat similar human experiences are shared among different races and genders. â€Å"Implicit† test results told me that I hold more personal biases than I had thought. These unchecked biases may have potentially kept us from forming fair judgments toward others. 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Such problems of the lack of conceptual clarification stem from whether researchers presume that race and ethnicity are a biological or a social characteristic. To overcome this problem, throughout this paper, I will use the term ‘racial or ethnic minority’ to refer to any group of people who are exposed to unfavourable treatment because of theirRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesindividual offender from committing another crime in the future) Affirm authority of the Church Social control Rid society of undesirables/deviants Religious Control – More shame than pain The Ducking Stool, Brank, Branding Socially Constructed Problem: The Moral Panic Moral panic: Occurs when a condition, episode, person or group of persons is defined as a threat to societal values and interests Moral entrepreneurs: can be an individual, group, or a formal organization who takes the responsibility

Louis Armstrong a Biography Free Essays

Many Americans enjoy sitting back, relaxing, and listening to the jazz and swing rhythms of one of the best musicians of the 20th century, Louis Armstrong. Louis Armstrong is easily recognized by simply listening to his infamous raspy voice and legendary, creative skill on the trumpet. All Armstrong had to do to play beautifully was to play one note. We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Armstrong: a Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Louis Armstrong had a strong influence in music. His forte in jazz, ragtime, and swing was solo performing and improvisation. First, his dedication to music influenced jazz music and then later all popular music.I chose Louis Armstrong because of his love for music as well as his charismatic attitude towards life. A question I want to investigate more thoroughly is how and why Louis Armstrong impacted jazz and popular music. Overview and Significance Even though he was commonly believed to be born July 4, 1900, Louis Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901. Armstrong’s father, Willie Armstrong, and mother, Mary Ann Armstrong, separated soon after Louis Armstrong was born (Cogswell, 2003). This caused him to live with his sister, mother and grandmother in the poorest section of New Orleans known as the â€Å"Battlefield† (Cogswell). Armstrong, also known as â€Å"Satchmo† and â€Å"Satch† due to his embouchure, spent most of his time with his friends singing for nickels and pennies and listening to local bands play in bars and brothels (Cogswell). Armstrong expressed his interest and talent when he was young in his personal writings; â€Å"After blowing the tin horn so long I wondered how would I do blowing a real horn, a cornet was what I had in mind. Sure enough, I saw a little cornet in a pawn shop window †¦ I saved 50 cents a week and bought the horn. All dirty but was soon pretty to me. After blowing into it a while I realized that I could play â€Å"Home Sweet Home† then here come the Blues. From then on, I was a mess and Tootin away† (Armstrong, 1999, p. 1). To attract customers for his Jewish employer, young Armstrong would play his tin horn on the streets of New Orleans, a place bustling with music- the blues, ragtime, and a new, emerging music described as jazz (Wallace, 2007). On New Year’s Eve of 1913, Louis Armstrong made a mistake which turned out to be the best thing that ever happened to him. Armstrong was arrested for firing a gun into the air on as a celebration for the New Year (Cogswell, 003). As a consequence to shooting the pistol into the air, Armstrong was placed in the Colored Waif’s Home (Appell and Hemphill, 2006). The waif’s home was run by Peter Davis, the brass band leader who introduced the cornet to Armstrong. Armstrong was a natural; he joined the brass band and soon became the leader of the band (Bergreen, 1997). After he was released from the Colored Waif’s Home in 1914, Louis Armstrong worked in a variety of jobs including funerals, picnics, and dances and played in local bands (Cogswell, 2003).Then the famous Joe â€Å"King† Oliver, leader of the first great African American band to make records, befriended Armstrong and gave him stand-in slots at orchestras and other venues. Oliver became Armstrong’s mentor and sole musical influence (Cogswell). Oliver moved north to Chicago and Kid Ory, leader of the band the Brown Skinned Babies, offered Armstrong Oliver’s empty seat (Cogswell). Ory once said that after Armstrong joined them he, â€Å"†¦improved so fast it was amazing. He had a wonderful ear and a wonderful memory.All you had to do was hum or whistle a new tune to him and he’d know it right away† (Boujut, 1998, p. 21). In 1918, Armstrong married Daisy Parker, a prostitute he met at a dance hall he played at on Saturday nights (Cogswell, 2003). The marriage ended four years later due to Parker beating Armstrong regularly (Collier, 1983). In 1919, after his experience with Kid Ory’s band, Armstrong received the opportunity to play in Fate Marable’s Kentucky Jazz Band, which performed on a Mississippi riverboat. The riverboat traveled the Mississippi River from New Orleans to St. Louis (Collier).When Armstrong left the riverboat in 1921, he was established as a â€Å"professional musician who could meet the demands of any ordinary playing job† (Collier, 1983, p. 80). In 1922, Armstrong received an invitation from King Oliver to join his band, the Creole Jazz Band, in Chicago, Illinois (Armstrong, 1996). Lillian Hardin, the band’s pianist, immediately took an interest in Louis Armstrong and they married in 1924 (Cogswell. 2003). Armstrong eventually surpassed his mentor and with Lillian’s encouragement, moved to New York City to try his luck there (Collier, 1983). In New York City, Armstrong joined Fletcher Henderson’s big band (Collier). In 1925, Armstrong lost interest in Henderson’s band. Armstrong went back to Chicago and organized a band (Cogswell, 2003). Armstrong and the band recorded one of the greatest series in the history of jazz (Appell and Hemphill, 2006). These Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings show his skill and experimentation with the trumpet. His playing on these records earned him his acclaim and popularity for solos that were virtuosic and joyfully melodic. The risks and liberties he took on the trumpet were exciting and unprecedented (Appell and Hemphill). His vocals, featured on most records after 1925, are an extension of his trumpet playing in their rhythmic liveliness and are delivered in a unique throaty style. His husky voice became his recognizable trademark (Bergreen, 1997). He was also the inventor of scat singing (the random use in nonsense syllables), which originated after he dropped his sheet music while recording a song and could not remember the lyrics (Collier, 1983). Appearing in the Broadway theatrical revue Hot Chocolate, in 1929, he sang â€Å"Fats† Waller’s â€Å"Ain’t Misbehavin’,† Armstrong’s first popular song hit (Cogswell, 2003).From this period, Armstrong mainly performed popular song material. His trumpet playing reached a peak around 1933 (Collier, 1983). His style became simpler, replacing the experimentation of his earlier years with a more mature approach that used every note to its greatest advantage (Appell and Hemphill, 2006). In July of 1930, Armstrong traveled to California. Only after he had been in California for a few weeks, he was arrested at a nightclub for the possession of marijuana (Armstrong, 1999). Armstrong had a positive viewpoint toward marijuana stating, â€Å" I smoked it a long time†¦And I found out one thing.. . First place it’s a thousand times better than whiskey†¦ a friend a nice cheap drunk if you want to call it that†¦ Good (very good) for Asthma- Relaxes your nerves†¦ Great for clearderness†¦ † (Armstrong, 1999, p. 114). The sentence, six months, was suspended after three days. At this time, Lil Armstrong and Louis Armstrong grew apart, separated, and no longer worked together (Boujut, 1998). In 1932, the Hot Five split up (Bergreen, 1997). Armstrong remained in California and starred in Rhapsody in Black and Blue and You Rascal You.In April of 1934, Armstrong began touring Europe. He visited various countries including France, Belgium, Switzerland, and the Netherlands where he was welcomed with open arms (Bergreen, 1997). In 1935 Armstrong formed a commercial style big band with fifteen other musicians. For the next twelve years, he starred in various films and played with his new bands (Brown, 1993). While playing in his new big band, Armstrong’s material was becoming â€Å"pop,† rather than being blues or original instrumental compositions (Collier, 1983). His singing took on a more dominant role in his performances and recordings (Collier).Jazz critics find much of his output from the mid 1930’s forward to be of a lesser regard than his original efforts in the 1920’s. Armstrong continued to spread the appeal of jazz, as popular music, around the world as no one else could (Collier). While some of his swing recordings from the 1930’s and 1940’s provided many with the opportunity to enjoy him in a more easy to relate to and popular manner, others see them as evidence of Armstrong selling out to popular music (Collier). It was until 1947 when Armstrong abandoned the big band scene and returned to the small band format.Louis Armstrong joined a sextet jazz band called the All Star’s, which later became known as Louis Armstrong and His All Star’s (Cogswell, 2003). This small group, which consisted of Jack Teagarden, George Wettling, Bid Sid Catlett, Dick Cary, Peanuts Hucko, Bob Hagart and himself, proved an immediate success and became the group that Armstrong played with until his death (Cogswell).. Armstrong played with Ed Hall and his band at the Carnegie Hall Concert in 1947 (Levin, 1947). Even though Armstrong was said to have peaked in the mid 1930s, he could still play like no one else.One audience member named Teddy Wilson described Armstrong as â€Å"If there is native genius in jazz, this man is it† (Levin, 1947, para. 9). Michael Levin (1947) describes Armstrong’s playing as â€Å"trumpet playing with grace, sincerity, and emotion-packed tone† which describes Armstrong’s playing style as a whole, throughout his career (para. 8). Louis Armstrong was made America’s musical ambassador is 1955 (Bergreen, 1997). He traveled throughout the world on the United States behalf and even made an album titled, Ambassador Satch (Bergreen).All over the world he was respected and welcomed to perform nearly anywhere he chose. â€Å"Hello Dolly,† Armstrong’s most well known song was recorded in 1964. It hit number one on the Billboard charts (Appell and Hemphill, 2006). â€Å"Hello Dolly† was accompanied by one of the movies Armstrong starred in which it shared the same title. Two other films that Armstrong appeared in during the 1960s were â€Å"Blueberry Hill† and â€Å"Mack the Knife† (Cogswell, 2003). In the heat of the Civil Rights Movement, Louis Armstrong was called â€Å"Uncle Tom† by blacks, referring to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Brown, 1993).African Americans blamed Armstrong for not using his fame to speak out against the unjust treatment of his race in the United States. They also said he was holding his race back because he did not demand respect from whites. And he smiled too much in public (Brown). In Armstrong’s opinion he did not understand what he was doing wrong. He had ignored prejudice because he was taught to respect people unless they had personally disrespected him (Brown). His trumpet and his music were his way out of struggling with prejudice, as Armstrong stated, â€Å"that horn, you see that horn?That horn ain’t prejudiced. A note’s a note in any language† (Wallace, 2007, p. 74). Louis Armstrong passed away on July 6, 1971. Armstrong’s home was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 (Cogswell, 2003). Armstrong has the honor of schools airports, stadiums and scholarships being named after him. As of now, Armstrong’s home in Queens, New York is a museum (Cogswell). Conclusion Louis Armstrong’s contributions to music will never be forgotten. His contributions to music impact areas such as instrumental technique, singing, rhythm, and improvisation.Louis Armstrong’s achievements started in New Orleans then moved to Chicago and New York City. What if Armstrong went to California sooner; would he have had any influence on music? Or would his impact be greater? His influence – not only on every trumpet player from Fats Navarro and Dizzy Gillespie to Miles Davis, Wynton Marsalis and beyond, but also on jazz, blues, and pop musicians across the musical spectrum – is not likely to be equaled in our lifetime. How to cite Louis Armstrong: a Biography, Papers

Affected Ornamentation Substitute Economic Men †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Affected Ornamentation Substitute Economic Men? Answer: Introducation The origin of money was from non-economic causes such as tribute, blood-money, barter, trade, bride-money, religious and rituals, commerce, affected ornamentation also from substitute as the common drudge among the economic men (Borio, 2013). The money origin was made because it was more convenient, durable, portable and can be easily stored, and contains high-value density and could be easily exchanged, thus it was accepted as money (Moran, 2013). Therefore the origin of money was developed from the customs, and the inelegance of barter system as it offered an economic desire and it developed freely in various parts of the whole world. It is said that Money makes changes in society and society make changes are money, and this approach will always to be continued. Although the financial innovation has changed several practices in the business, its organization stayed integral (Lietaer, 2013). New systems of payments have been set up by digital technology such as Apple pay, Paypal by making it easier for sellers to accept electronic payment. This factor indicates that in future, Banknotes, transaction and currencies might be disappeared; it is because it is generally not preferred by the young generation and new approaches are more secure, transparent, cost efficient and reliable (Kroszner, 2015). Inflation is caused at the point where aggregate demand is comparatively higher than the aggregate supply of goods and services. The factors causes inflation are Increase in Money Supply, Disposable Income, exports,Public Expenditure and consumer expanding (Blanchard, 2015). Other causes of inflation are cheap monetary policies, Law of Diminishing Returns expansion of the private sector, black money, etc (Brunnermeier, 2014). consequence of inflation is a redistribution of income and wealth to manage the economy as it makes a change in real value of factors such salaries, interest, rents, dividends and earnings. Deflation takes place when demand falls, and less demand will lead to lower price, which ultimately turns into a bidding war. It is occurred primarily due to changes in technology, the structure of capital markets, decrease in currency supply, Deflationary Spiral and Austerity Measures (Galati, 2016). This result in a reduction of business revenues, alternations in spending pattern of customers, reduced credits and Wage Cutbacks and Layoffs. Accommodative monetary policy refers to the policy of enabling the supply of money to go ahead with the demand and national income; it generally engages low rates of interest. It can also be referred as easy monetary policy or loose monetary policy (Ciccarelli, 2017). The accommodative monetary policy usually involves lower rates of interests that tend to support economic growth and expenditures by making economic borrowings increase in the supply of money. The extraordinary expansion of monetary policy will not be able to prevent the economy from going back into recession. The Abenomicss three arrows easy monetary, fiscal expansion and reformation of structure, it can be held if these three arrows work together and balance each other in order to attain goals of the economy (Claeys, 2015). The experience of the macro economic policy of Japan has implemented to Europe also in the same situation of lower growth and inflation References Blanchard, Olivier, Eugenio Cerutti, and Lawrence Summers.Inflation and activityTwo explorations and their monetary policy implications. No. w21726. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. Ciccarelli, Matteo, Chiara Osbat, Elena Bobeica, Caroline Jardet, Marek Jarocinski, Caterina Mendicino, Alessandro Notarpietro, Sergio Santoro, and Arnoud Stevens. "Low inflation in the euro area: Causes and consequences." (2017). Claeys, Grgory, and Zsolt M. Darvas.The financial stability risks of ultra-loose monetary policy. No. 2015/03. Bruegel Policy Contribution, 2015. Galati, GabriAnswer:, Zion Gorgi, Richhild Moessner, and Chen Zhou. "Deflation risk in the euro area and central bank credibility." (2016). Lietaer, Bernard.The future of money. Random House, 2013. Moran, Timothy, Markus Brede, Antonella Ianni, and Jason Noble. "The origin of money: an agent-based model." (2013). Kroszner, Randall S., and Philip E. Strahan. "Regulation and deregulation of the US banking industry: causes, consequences, and implications for the future." InEconomic Regulation and Its Reform: What Have We Learned?, pp. 485-543. University of Chicago Press, 2014. Brunnermeier, Markus K., and Yuliy Sannikov. "A macroeconomic model with a financial sector."The American Economic Review104, no. 2 (2014): 379-421. Borio, Claudio. "The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?."Journal of Banking Finance45 (2014): 182-198

What Is True Love Essay Example For Students

What Is True Love? Essay Rough DraftBrooke Gladstone5/17/2000Period #3What is true love?The quality of true love is highly debated among different people. Some peoplebelieve true love relies on rules or that it simply does not exist. However, true love is anunconditional love between two people, when two people love each other for whothey are. In Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations there are many differentsituations where true love become relevant. First of all, there is a gentle giant by the name of Joe is Great Expectations. He isPips brother-in-law. Joe is a very peaceful man, but by looking at him you would bescared. He is a very large man and the blacksmith of the town. In the beginning of thebook he is married to Mrs. Joe Gargery (Pips sister). Joe loves Mrs. Joe very much, andin the book he states that she is a, Fine figure of a woman, (Dickens, pp. ). In a scenein the novel he discusses with Pip how he is happy with his life, but on the opposite Mrs. We will write a custom essay on What Is True Love? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Joe is not exactly on the same term. She is very unhappy with her life, and she believesthat she deserves better than Joe, or a blacksmith. Dickens portrays Mrs. Joe as abitter woman, but the audience can see the love she has for Joe, even if she is notsatisfied with her marriage to Joe. At a later time in the book Mrs. Joe sadly passes away, and you can feel thesadness Joe has towards her death. A few years later he marries Biddy. Biddy hasalways been around the family to help in the house while Mrs. Joe was sick. Thefriendship between Joe and Biddy eventually became a loving relationship and Joepurposed to her. Obviously Joe may had loved Mrs. Joe very dearly, but he shortlyrecovered from his lost and married Biddy. Mr. Pocket, Pips roommate, is a friendly man whom Pip meets while he moves toLondon. Mr. Pocket is very proper and teaches Pip about posture, manners, and eatinghabits. Mr. Pocket proposes to a lady named Clara. Pocket describes Clara as a gentle,kind lady who he is in love with. He talks of her much in Pip and his conversations. Itseems as if he loves her very much, but their relationship has just begun and their love isstill growing towards each other. The audience may not feel the love between the twoas much as other relationships. On the other hand, Miss Havashams relationship with her fiancee was horrid. Itturned out to be a terrible nightmare. Compeyson was Miss Havashams fiancee wholeft her at the altar. Miss Havasham dreads this day in the novel. Pip visits Satis Houseand she is wearing her wedding dress, she has the wedding cake on the dining roomtable, and the clock is stopped at the time she was left at the altar. It is obvious that sheloved Compeyson very much, but doing what he did she now hates men. Because ofthis she raises Estella to hate men and torture them. Estella tells Pip later in the book howshe wouldnt want to marry Pip because she doesnt want to hurt him. Finally, Pips relationship with Estella. Although there is no such thing, Pip lovedEstella very much. Above true love is described as an unconditional love between twopeople, so according to that definition this relationship would not be considered truelove. Pip has a very strong and indescribable love towards Estella, but the passion is notreturned. Estella plays with Pip as if he is a yo-yo. One moment she mentions somethingthat may make Pip believe that she does love him, and another she is upset with him forthinking she admired him. .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e , .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .postImageUrl , .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e , .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e:hover , .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e:visited , .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e:active { border:0!important; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e:active , .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc76435d5cdd4c444fb1e020b698219e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Buddha EssayIn conclusion, true love is perceived many different ways. In the novel GreatExpectations there are many different relationships which display different levels of loveand romance. There is a relationship where one of the members passed away, anotherwhere the relationship is so young the love has not blossomed and two relationshipswhere the love is not returned from the other member of the relationship. All in all,Charles Dickens never places a relationship where true love is evident. BibliographynoneBook Reports

Visual Argument

Visual Argument As it has been revealed, images are more powerful in persuasion and information provision than mere words. This is due to their ability to reach a wider audience base, including those who are unable to read or write. Importantly, images are efficient in producing clear mental images about the information being conveyed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Argument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On this basis, many advertisers have been finding it more effective and efficient to use visual objects and pictures in their advertisements, which are reinforced by some explanatory words. Since images are great influencers on thinking patterns, their massive use in various advertisements impact more to the target groups than just mere words. It has been revealed that, images portray hidden values of culture and therefore more appealing on human beliefs and values. Considering the advertisement shown below, eye appeal ha s been greatly realized. The use of color mix in this advertisement seems appealing. Having green color mixed with and blue in the container in which the drink is stored reflects massive power of the drink to meet the consumer’s needs. This is because; green and blue are considered as natural colors, implying that nothing exceeds nature. As a result, this ad meets the requirements of the consumers in its color mix to assuring success to the drink takers in their racing tournaments. In fact, the use of colors in this advertisement has largely realized the ultimate goal of enticing the target group of the product In the advertisement shown above, the advertisement seems highly appealing by presenting how the castrode drink gives individuals supernatural power to win in a very competitive racing tournament. More precisely, the advertiser presents the drink as enhancing individuals to reach high levels than expected.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the advertisement presents a motor-bike sporting activity, where the advertiser presents the contestant who drinks castrode drink as reaching the sky, and finally emerges as the winner. This is a very powerful eye appealing advertisement, capable of creating enthusiasm among the consumers to take the drink. The use of visuals to reflect naturality in an advertisement impacts more than just mere words to the target groups. The use of shock appeal in this advertisement has largely made the message being conveyed sink deeper in the target group’s heart. Having a figurative contestant in a racing tournament who seems to be reaching the sky, reflects the powerful nature of the drink to make individuals reach far much higher than they expected. If fact, the use of sky at the back ground of this visual advertisement shows how natural the drink is to enhance self actualization. Quite si gnificantly, the images presented in this advertisement reflect a real life racing tournament where individuals who take the castrode drink always emerges as winners. The use of visuals to reflect real life situation in an advertisement as one of the most powerful strategies to facilitate consumer’s confidence in the product. Conclusion As it has been revealed, high degree of accuracy in advertising is achieved through the use of pictures, other than using only mere words. With effective use of color mix, and presenting the pictures used to represent real life situation, the target group is greatly enticed to purchase the commodity. It has been revealed that, information presented by use of pictures impacts a lot on the mind, as precise and accurate information is relayed by use of images, rather than mere words.

The History of the Olympic Victory Laurel

The History of the Olympic Victory Laurel Imprinted on Olympic medals is a sprig of laurel because, since antiquity, laurel has been associated with victory. The victory laurel began, though, not with the Olympics, but with another Panhellenic festival, the Pythian Games. Sacred to Apollo, the Pythian Games were almost as important to the Greeks as the Olympics. As is appropriate for a religious festival in honor of Apollo, the laurel symbolizes an important mythological event for the god. The British poet Lord Byron describes this major Olympian god as: ...The lord of the unerring bow,The god of life, and poetry, and light,The Sun, in human limbs arrayed, and browAll radiant from his triumph in the fight.The shaft has just been shot; the arrow brightWith an immortals vengeance; in his eyeAnd nostril, beautiful disdain, and mightAnd majesty flash their full lightnings by,Developing in that one glance the Deity.- Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 161 Panhellenic Games The games were called panhellenic because they were open to all free adult male Hellenes or Greeks. We call them games, but they could also be called competitions. There was a 4-year Panhellenic Athletic Game cycle: Olympic GamesIsthmian Games (April)Nemean Games (late July)Pythian Games:  Originally held every eight years, the Pythian Games were held every fourth year by c. 582 B.C.Isthmian Games and Nemean Games Mythological Origins of the Games The mythological origins of the Olympics include the story that Pelops defeated and killed his would-be father-in-law in a chariot race or that Hercules put on the games to honor his father after he defeated the perfidious King Augeas. Like the Olympics, the Pythian Games also have mythological origins. During the Great Flood (aka the Deluge), Deucalion and Pyrrha  were spared, but when they arrived on dry land without an ark at Mt. Parnassus there were no other people around. Saddened by this, they prayed to the oracle at the temple there and were given this advice: Depart from me and veil your brows; ungirdyour robes, and cast behind you as you go,the bones of your great mother. Skilled in the ways of oracles, Deucalion understood the bones of the great mother (Gaia) were rocks, so he and his wife walked away throwing stones behind them. The stones Deucalion threw became men; those Pyrrha threw, women. Gaia continued to produce even after Deucalion and Pyrrha had finished throwing stones. She formed animals, but Gaia also took the mud and slime to fashion a giant python. The Pythian Games Namesake - The Python This period just after the Deluge was a simpler time when not even gods- let alone men- had powerful weapons. All Apollo had was the bow he used to kill tame, game animals, like deer, and goats, but nothing he could count on to use against a creature of great size. Still, he resolved to rid mankind of the frightening monstrosity, so he shot his entire quiver into the beast. Eventually, Apollo killed the Python. Lest anyone forget or fail to honor him for his service to mankind, he instituted the Pythian Games to commemorate the event. Music at an Athletic Event Apollo is associated with the art of music. Unlike the other Pahellenic games (Olympics, Nemean, and Isthmian), music was a major part of the competition. Originally, the Pythian Game was all music, but athletic events were added over time. The first three days were devoted to musical competition; the next three to athletic and equestrian competitions, and the final day to worship of Apollo. This unique and competitive emphasis on music was a fitting tribute to Apollo, who was not only a gifted, but also a competitive musician. When Pan claimed he could make better music on his syrinx than Apollo could on his lyre, and asked the human Midas to judge, Midas awarded Pan the victory. Apollo appealed to a higher judge, a fellow god, won, and rewarded Midas for his honest opinion with a pair of donkey ears. Apollo didnt just compete with the goat god Pan. He also competed with the love god- a foolish move. Love and the Victory Laurel Filled with bravado from slaying the mighty python with his arrows, Apollo looked at the god of loves delicate little golden arrows and his equally unthreatening dull, heavy, iron ones. He might even have laughed at Eros and told him his arrows were puny and worthless. Then they might have had a competition, but instead Apollo grew needlessly angry and demeaning. He told Eros to content himself with flames and leave arrows to the strong and brave. While Eros bow and arrows might have seemed puny, they were not. Annoyed by the condescension, Eros resolved to prove whose bow was truly the more powerful, so he shot Apollo with a golden arrow that made him fall hopelessly in love with the woman whom Eros shot with the iron. With the iron arrow Eros pierced the heart of Daphne, forever turning her against love. Thus Apollo was doomed to pursue Daphne and Daphne was doomed to flee from Apollos advances. But Daphne wasnt a goddess and had little chance against Apollo. In the end, when it looked as though Apollo would have his hateful way with her, she begged to be saved and was- by being turned into a laurel tree. From that day forth Apollo wore a wreath made from the leaves of his beloved. In honor of Apollo and his love of Daphne, a laurel wreath crowned the victor at Apollos Pythian games.

Explain what you understand by the term Securitisation and consider Essay

Explain what you understand by the term Securitisation and consider why a bank might choose to securitise some of its loans - Essay Example It ends up losing some cash flows or assets in return for the cash. This debt also not reflected in the bane sheet of the ultimate bower. Therefore, securitisation can be viewed as a method of disposing off a cash flows stream. Besides the impact on the borrower, securitisation benefits investors as well. It increases the variety of choices of investments available. The securities that are asset-backed by way of securitisation can be easily analysed since investors need only to undertake an evaluation of cash flows from a very small assets pool. This saves them from having to evaluate the entire complex business. The most commonly securitised assets are loans of a single kind or another type which when pooled becomes an investment of low risk. Also, it means that in the context of the issuer, it is often a borrowing way that’s very cheap. (Moneyterms.co.uk, 2009). This is a study set out to discuss this issue of securitisation and to this there will be a vivid answering of the questions â€Å"what is securitisation?† and â€Å"why do banks choose to securitise some of their loans?† Securitisation is an expression that has become more common in usage and it’s usually used the numerous mechanisms of transferring risks between the parties involved. It usually includes the description of the scale or disposal of risk assets in an absolute manner or the synthetic transfer of particular risk aspects. It is used in several contexts and among various parties who indulge in contracts. More comprehensively, it’s defined as the process via which receivables, loans or other relevant assets are put together. The cash flows that go with the assets and also the economic values deployed to aid payments of the securities related. The related securities are issued in both private and public markets by issuers or on their behalf, which use the process of securitisation to

Juvenile delinquents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile delinquents - Essay Example Most of society’s informal actions consist of education through counseling and corrective steps where the government or an NGO are involved. Society’s formal actions are more foreboding and can involve law enforcement agencies such as the police and law courts. There are many reasons for juvenile delinquents. The most common factor is the breakdown of family as a coherent unit. There can be nothing worse for a child than a situation where mature parental care is lacking. If such care is missing for a prolonged period of time, it will not take very long for the child to come across exploitative influence of anti-social elements. The reasons for juvenile delinquency other than lack of parental care such as choice of wrong company do exist. But they are rare. It is difficult to bring about a change in the behavior of an adolescent. Adolescence is a challenging period when a boy or a girl is in the process of becoming man or woman. The problem is compounded when the behavior of a young adult is not adequately moored to the balancing influence of mature parents or other caring elders. As an outsider, I can talk to the young offender and counsel him or her. I can tell him about the consequence of his erratic behavior. I can suggest he take his work or studies seriously and keep close to good and well-behaved group of friends. These groups could be found in every place. It is only a question of choice for the young offender (Thompson, William E & Bynum, Jack E). Nothing is impossible. It depends on society’s commitment on the level of control that it desires to enforce and the means it adopts to achieve them. A healthy society will have less problems of delinquency than a society where there is unacceptable level of ignorance (Thompson, William E & Bynum, Jack E). Family is the basic unit of society. If parents function with responsibility, the chances of juvenile

Narrative Writing Assessment Essay Example for Free

Narrative Writing Assessment Essay Warm up the prompt by reading something short, such as a picture book, that matches the prompt. †¢ The prompt is to be â€Å"loose†, that is the student can write on any subject that comes to mind, tweaking the prompt to fit him/her. †¢ The mode of the piece is narrative. This simply means a personal experience. †¢ The maximum time to write is 30 minutes. When the student is finished, proceed with other assessments or share the pieces you wrote to one another. †¢ The teacher writes as well. This encourages and motivates the student, showing him/her you value the writing †¢ This piece is to be an â€Å"on-demand† piece. This means that the writer is not to recopy. It is expected to be a rough draft. †¢ Provide composition paper with lines, or use the spiral and tear the paper out. You can cut off the messy ripped paper along the side if you want later. †¢ The primary â€Å"topics† to use are subjects many authors write about: a favorite person, place or thing. Writers usually tell about their favorite using the narrative mode because the narrative, a true story that follows a story line, is more interesting. Narrative Writing Assessment Protocols Picture Books Matching the Topics: Place All the Places to Love (MacLachlan) If You’re Not from the Prairie (Bouchard) The Canoe (Gary Paulsen) Person My Rotten Redheaded Brother (Palocco) Thank You Mr. Falker (Palocco) My Great Aunt Arizona (Houston) Thing (can be an object or a pet) My Grandpa Was a Cowboy (the ring—Silky Sullivan) The Worry Stone (Dengler). Everybody Needs a Rock (Baylor) What to say: â€Å"Today we are going to write a narrative about somethinganything—that matters to you or comes to your mind about a favorite person, place or thing. Tell your piece like a story, that is, something happens. When we were younger, all of us have had something or someone or someplace that comes to mind that stands out. Which would you like to write about? (Show the student the three books, one on a favorite person, one a place, etc. The student selects. ) Pick a favorite to write about: person, place or thing. I’ll read you the picture book you pick to help stimulate some ideas. † Scoring Protocols: †¢ Use the â€Å"3† anchor papers for each grade from third through twelfth to find a match between the anchor and your student’s writing. This is holistic scoring. Record the grade and date. †¢ Count by estimating the number of words the student wrote. Record. †¢ Record how many minutes he/she wrote. †¢ Find two or three things that are strengths to use as specific reinforcements to share with the student the next day. What you notice and show to the student will be repeated in future writing.

Research Paper -- essays papers

Research Paper In the United States, starting salaries for teachers who have completed a four-year degree are far lower compared to many other professions, which also require a four-year degree. In most states, teachers must undergo testing and other rigorous certification requirements, but they are given the same consideration or status as beginning professionals in other areas. Although attractive incentives are offered, the compensation does not compare to the long hours of work and schooling required for a teaching career. A four-year degree is a requirement in most various professions although the salaries show a significant range in the pay scale. In order to become a teacher in any state a Bachelor’s Degree must be completed from a four-year program at one’s college. Each state has its own set of requirements for its students to complete in order to teach therefore the degree earned is not compatible from state to state (ERIC, 2000, par. 6). Teachers are also limited in the degree earned because they are only able to teach in certain levels (early, elementary, secondary, etc.) and are not able to move around. A paralegal is able to enter their field with just a two-year degree and earn almost $10,000 more then a beginning teacher. With comparison to a computer programmer, a Bachelor’s Degree is required in any computer related field, not limiting the students to a specific program. Also, since computer programmers are in such high demand, companies will higher people with Associates Degrees or provide incentives for non-computer degree people in return for schooling them while they work for their computer degree (Lincoln University). This is unfair and limits teachers to only having one specific career choice... ...stock of options trend. (2000, February 21). Electronic Engineering Times. Retrieved April 7, 2003, from http://www.eetasia.com Greenhouse, S. (2002, October 21). Teachers’ pay: The impact of raising salaries? The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://walkingbear.com Litke, G. (2002, October 21). Teacher shortage sets stage for salary increase. WCBD-TV Charleston, South Carolina. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://www.wcbd.com/education NEA debate demonstrates complexity of teacher pay issue. (2000, July 5). National Education Association. Retrieved April 29, 2003, from http://www.nea.org Social workers. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved April 21, 2003, from http://www.stats.bls.gov So you want to be a teacher. (2000). ERIC Digest #282860. Retrieved April 12, 2003, from http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests

Bridal Assignment

J. Crew has become a famous American brand in the retail and garment industry. It started out in 1983 with catalogs, and by 1989J. Crew established their first store which expanded to â€Å"206 retail and 69 outlet stores† through out the US. In 2004, J. Crew launched its wedding line that positively affected the increase of the direct sales of the company. J. Crew’s wedding line headed by Jenna Lyons, creative director, is famous for their simple and refined dresses with minimal bead and lace works.The design of the dresses is classic yet fun ranging from white to champagne-colored garments. More so, the price range from $1,000 to $3,000. Presently, J. Crew’s wedding line does not have any retail stores. They sell their garments through their catalog and website. To compensate for the lack of retail store, J. Crew offers additional wedding services for free including alteration of the garments and complimentary staff that will be of assistance to the customer (F ischer, 2005). Meanwhile, Clea Colet is a bridal gallery headed by Clea Colet who is also the head wedding dress designer.Their store in located at the Madison Avenue in New York City is an upscale boutique where clients can browse to the wide array of exquisite collections or customized their unique wedding dresses She is known for her â€Å"cautious with silhouettes† wherein most dresses have an A-line cut instead of looking like a ball gown. Also, Cle Colet designs have only minimal ornamentations and design wherein only a simple draping or fine beading are incorporated to accentuate the garments (New York Magazine, 2008).As Clea Colet once have said, to find one’s dream dress, a bride must look for â€Å"classic, timeless, flattering to her figure, and appropriate for her location† which are the main characteristics of her wedding dress designs (Manhattanbride. com, 2009). Most of the customized dresses are sold in price range of $2,500 to $6,500 garments (N ew York Magazine, 2008). Part 1 B J. Crew’s latest collection for their wedding line for Spring 2009 is very exquisite and stylish. The style varies from one dress to another but the one thing in common in these wedding gowns is that they flatter a woman’s figure.More so, the diversity of the collection is intended to address the different needs, wants and tastes of women. There is a â€Å"column-style jeweled cady gown made out of silk cotton† with necklace rhinestones and crystals accents, a champagne-colored empire-cut Esme Gown, â€Å"bow-tie dress made out of the softest silk tricotine with scooped neckline accented by pleated chiffon and a trumpet skirt that flatters all body types† and many others(Weddingbellsblog. com, 2008). On the other hand, Clea Colet’s present collection was inspired by the many kinds of weddings designed by modern and independent brides.Most of the dresses would fit any theme of the wedding whether beach or a formal s etting. The designs are simple and uncomplicated but they exude elegance and uniqueness which makes them timeless or classic pieces. Most of the dresses were made from chiffon, silk and taffeta with complimentary accents of delicate lace and bead works. More so, most of the gown are strapless ball gowns or figure fitting dress with a free flowing bottom (Manhattanbride. com, 2009). Part 2 Both Macy’s and Target’s Wedding Registry are very easy to use and to navigate.These two retail stores offer an assortment of products ranging from electronics to kitchenware that are essential and very stylish. For couples who want to register, both Macy’s and Target only require them to provide basic information such as e-mail address and telephone numbers in order to facilitate fast transactions. The two department stores have almost similar features for their wedding registry websites. Both stores present their products by category and they also provide recommendations on m erchandises that are popular and most commonly picked by couples.More so, a checklist is provided in order for couples to have a guide on the items that they want. Basically, the wedding registry websites of Macy’s and Target are a convenient and practical way of choosing products that will help couples to facilitate a smooth transition to married life. However, Target’s website is easier to navigate because you just have to mark the items that you want while at Macy’s you have to click on the item and then add it to your wedding registry. Also, Target presents at least 20 items in 1 page while Macy’s only show 5 to10 items.Furthermore, the list of chosen items at Target is more organized with detail information about the product, shipping and the stores where it can be bought. On the other hand, Macy’s registry list is less detail-oriented but it offers other promotions such as gift wrapping and gift etiquette which are also necessary to consider when selecting wedding gifts. Overall, all the information and the features of the websites can definitely be of great help to the bride and groom as well as to their guests. Part 3In a wedding, the bride and groom are not the only essential personalities that are needed in order to facilitate a successful union ceremony. This occasion requires another figure that will ensure the smooth execution of all the wedding plans and this person comes in the form of a wedding planner. A wedding planner is responsible for the pre, during and post planning stages of the wedding. Furthermore, the wedding planner must assist the couple in every way possible to help in reducing the stress which is an inevitable occurrence in preparing for one of the most special events that an individual can experience during his or her lifetime.So, a big responsibility is appointed to a wedding planner and whoever takes on the role must be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills. Preparation prior to th e wedding day is considered to be the most important stage because this is when all the principal matters are discussed and organized. Initially, a wedding planner must first meet with the couple in order to determine their needs and wants for the wedding. Then, the wedding planner would help the couple to choose the wedding venue and wedding theme.After this, the wedding planner would work on the wedding decorations, seating arrangements, photographers, invitations and everything else that are needed in a wedding. Moreover, during the wedding, the wedding planner needs to make sure that everything that was planned will materialize. The wedding planner will act out as the supervisor who will ensure that everyone will do their tasks to make the wedding a success. But the job of a wedding planner does not stop there. The wedding planner will still work even after the wedding. He or she will make sure that all financial matters will settled and every guest will receive wedding favors.B ut most importantly, the wedding planner must ensure that the bride and groom had the time of their life (Manohar, 2008). Part 3 The wedding of Prince Rainier Grimaldi and Prince Grace Kelly of Monaco took place on April 18, 1956 at the â€Å"Palace Throne Room† in Monaco. It was a â€Å"40-minute civil ceremony† that was broadcasted to millions of television across Europe and the US. The next day, the wedding continued with a church ceremony at Saint Nicholas Cathedral. The wedding was attended by high-profiled personalities such as Royal figures and Hollywood celebrities (Weddinggownreviews. com, 2009).The bride wore a â€Å"lace decorated upper bodice with a high neck† designed by Helen Rose who was then the MGM wardrobe designer. The gown was â€Å"made from antique Valenciennes rose point lace, 25 yards of silk taffeta, 98 yards of tulle and her veil was covered with appliqued lace lovebirds and thousands of seed pearls. † More so, the whole entourag e was also designed by Helen Rose who gave a glamorous but classic style to the dresses. For the groom, Prince Rainier wore a â€Å"Napoleonic influenced dress uniform. † Then, the ceremony was followed by a lavish garden reception for the newlyweds and their celebrity guests (Thomas, 2009).References Fischer, J. (2005, September 1). J. Crew commits to wedding line. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://multichannelmerchant. com/mag/crew_commits_wedding_0901/ Manhattanbride. com. (2009). Clea Colet. Retrieved March 18, 2009, http://www. manhattanbride. com/fashionstories/CleaFash. html Manohar, U. (20008, October 17). What are the duties of a Wedding Planner. Retrieved March 19, 2009, from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/what-are-the-duties-of-a-wedding-planner. html New York Magazine. (2008). Bridal Gowns Directory. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://nymag.com/weddings/listings/gowns/index1. html Thomas, P. W. (2009). A Royal Wedding. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http: //www. fashion-era. com/Weddings/1956_old_wedding_photos_royal. htm Weddingbellsblog. com. (2008, December 18). J. Crew Wedding Collection 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://weddingbellsblog. com/designers-couturier/j-crew-wedding-collection-2009/ Weddinggownreviews. com. (2009, February 6). Princess Grace of Monaco. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://www. weddinggownsreview. com/princess-wedding-gowns/princess-grace-of-monaco

Reorganizing the Woody Company Essay

Background Woody Company is a small sole-proprietorship that specializes in the manufacture of high quality bar stools. Currently, three types of bar stools are marketed with increases in standing orders currently reaching $750,000. Mr. Woody has decided to expand his organization to and aggressively pursue the market, but realizes that issues with defective wood from his suppliers, manufacturing quality defects and problems associated with late delivery of his finished product has impacted his profit margin (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 317). My assistance has been solicited to optimize the organizational structure, recommend pay structure and determine work allocation within the company. Organizational Structure A small company is, by definition, one that employs less than 500 employees (Hatten, 2007, p. 5). This is only relevant from the prospective that being a small business by definition allows for certain assistance from the Small Business Administration and tax code specifications. More importantly, the small business is a mindset of operation that will capitalize on the potential strength of flexibility and responsiveness that can only be exercised with a company that â€Å"can move fast, can provide quality goods and services to targeted market niches, and can inspire greater involvement from their people† (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 298). Mr. Woody has provided a mission and vision statement for his company that states the following: â€Å"To manufacture world-class products that are competitive in the world market in quality, reliability, performance, and profitability (and) to create a  culture where pride, ownership, employment security, and trust are a way of life† (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 317). What follows is a plan that will meet these expectations and provide opportunity for increased growth. Some of the agility that is afforded by keeping the focus of the company on remaining small is a greater ability to use a mechanistic structure that is able to remain responsive, promoting both a high involvement and a continuous learning environment, enhancing quality improvement standards and embracing lean manufacturing as a means to improve overall profitability. Figure 1 (p. 8) is the proposed organizational chart for Woody Company which I will use to illustrate work responsibilities covered later in this proposal. Although this structure may serve to contradict some popular beliefs that organic structures can be more responsive to changing company dynamics and market realities (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 292), a 2006 article in the Academy of Management Journal which studied the difference between mechanistic and organic structures contradicts this viewpoint. In this study Sine, Mitsuhashi and Kirsch prove that mechanistic structures promote â€Å"low role ambiguity, high levels of individual focus and discretion, low coordination costs, and generally high levels of organizational efficiency† (pp. 130-131). I submit that this type of organizational structure is precisely what Woody Company needs to build on existing successes. By following my model of reorganization, the benefits that can be seen in a more organic structure, such as an inherently increased amount of flexibility through coordinated decision making and individual employee empowerment, can and will be realized. Top-down investment in the continuous training of the employees of Woody Company, through the direct efforts of the Human Resource and Training Office is an investment that will pay rewards in not only employee loyalty, but also efficiency in all the operations. Focus on Communication Strategies Management focus on preventing or lessening communication barriers will serve to not only empower all employees, but also help improve processes which may  lead to greater efficiency and profits. One recommendation to potentially remove communications barriers is a daily operations walkthrough meetings each morning on the manufacturing floor by all managers. This not only improves situational awareness across the organization, but also provides the staff the opportunity to address concerns and raise issues that challenge management. Clear and open communications are a significant attribute to process improvement and come at a very low price. Implement Lean Manufacturing Another key influence to improving overall quality and efficiency is the hiring of a Lean Manufacturing Champion to ensure the lean process is effective. A Lean Champion is best defined in the January 2006 Manufacturing Today magazine as: â€Å"They [Lean Manufacturing Champions] set and maintain the goals of the improvement projects, making sure that they are aligned with the overall business priorities and objectives. Lean champions also act as coaches and teachers, educating the entire organization, including the supply base, on the importance of lean. They are also facilitators and negotiators, helping to smooth out internal manufacturing and organizational issues, and keep lean initiatives on track† (Weissman, 2006,  ¶ 4). Dedicating Woody Company resources on adapting Lean Manufacturing principles and actions will ultimately lead to greater process efficiency and quality which will lead to greater profits and growth potential. Lean principles are an investment in personnel and processes. Buy Quality Materials, Produce Quality Products through Automation Woody Company can take two steps in the manufacturing process to realize immediate improvements in the quality of goods produced. First, the company needs to re-evaluate their raw material supplier relationships. The purchasers for the company must procure only the finest in raw materials as a first step in reducing waste through not bringing defective materials into  the plant in the first place. This can be done by pre-screening suppliers and making sure that they meet standards of quality such that are proven through ISO 9000 certification. Analyzing history on dollars lost through defective raw materials can be translated into perhaps paying more in order to secure premium raw wood materials. The second method to improve quality should be a review of manufacturing processes with a focus on introducing computerized cutting, joining and measurement equipment. The cost associated with automating the manufacturing process can be offset through improved production capacity, more accurate fabrication, and greater flexibility in the types of wood products that can be manufactured. Using computer controlled equipment removes the human error element during production runs, and expands the potential product line opportunity to other areas of manufacturing. Figure 1 (p. 8) shows the manufacturing areas as Pre-Fabrication, Fabrication and Assembly and Finishing. The specialization of the staff in these modules builds on proven advantages mass customization (Bateman & Snell, 2007, p. 307), but does not necessarily mean that every order needs to be unique. The key is that specialization provides greater flexibility. Personnel resource allocations that I have recommended are based on my perception of the more labor intensive areas of the process, but personnel can and should be cross trained. Personnel allocations should ensure that each area of the p rocess contains at least some personnel that are skilled woodworkers, and that quality checks are implemented at each stage, to include as a final check, shipping and receiving. Pay and Bonus Plan Compensation of personnel at Woody Company should be based on responsibility, experience and proven performance. Consideration should be given to financial bonuses for employees who perform above and beyond expectations and rewards for the various teams in the company that have proven efficiency and demonstrated cost savings. Conclusion Woody Company needs to make strategic changes to increase market ownership  and profitability. Increasing manpower alone is a simplistic and perhaps ineffective solution. The appropriate action will rely on a willingness to focus on improving current competencies and develop capacity for increased areas of the wood furniture market. My recommendations are a starting point; now Woody Company needs to act in order to take the company to the next level. References Bateman, T, & Snell, S. (2007). _Management: The New Competitive Landscape (7th ed.)_. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Hatten, T. (2006). _Small Business Management: Entrepeneurship and Beyond (3rd ed.)._ New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. Knudson, B. (2007, September). Implementing A Vision. _Manufacturing Today_, _7_(5), 48-51. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from Business Source Complete database. Sine, W., Mitsuhashi, H. & Kirsch, D. (2006, February). Revisiting Burns and Stalker: Formal Structure and New Venture Performance in Emerging Economic Sectors. _Academy of Management Journal, 49_(1). 121-132. Retrieved January 5, 2008 from Business Source Complete database. Weissman, R. (2006, January). We Are the Champions. _The ManufacturerMagazine_ retrieved January 6, 2007 from http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/content/3947/We_are_the_champions

Yale University †Graduate School Admission Essay Example

Yale University – Graduate School Admission Essay Example Free Online Research Papers Yale University Graduate School Admission Essay Example 1.Please discuss the principle elements of your educational and work experience to date. Describe your specific career objectives as a professional manager(three to five pages, double-spaced) Since I had worked in the xxx product department of xxx, established by my deceased father, the yearly income was $xx million in 19xx and in the top 10 rank in Korea, my major problem was a lack of knowledge in Finance and Management. Upon graduation from undergraduate studies, I was employed in the Management Planning Team. Because I did not have the background in business administration from majoring in English Literature in undergraduate, I realized the difficulty in grasping the concept of general company matters, marketing analysis, and setting up the short and long-term marketing plan. When I participated in the future development of xxx and sales project for 10 months that began in February 19xx, I realized that I was incapable of successfully performing my duties as an Assistant Manager with 8 staff members for a project in which the company heavily depended upon. It was then that I had realized what special talent was needed to become a successful manager. For instance, while analyzing xxx, xxx’s technological advantage and marketing strategies, I realized the importance of learning Marketing Research and Strategy. I also realized the importance of Financial Management and Corporate Financial Policies when planning sales and marketing strategies for the future sales of xxx and strategies for increasing our market. Through these experiences, I became strongly motivated to applying to your college.Upon graduation from Yale, I plan to be the most representative person at xxx by learning and applying the strategies of these large growing global corporations in the United States., and if possible I would like to analyze our competitors, xxx and xxx. I would also like to have experience with the U.S. market and its’ customer characteristics in preparation for future plan of xxx to set up xxx subsidiaries in the United States. I plan to work for 5 years at xxx after graduation from Yale, by improving xxx so that it will rank second to xxx. My long-term goal is to be able to challenge the CEO’s of the top 5 ranking companies in Korea, such as Hyundai of Korea. In addition, to achieve my goals, I plan to earn the CFA certification upon my MBA studies. Armed with the CFA certification and Top School’s International bent, strength in finance and management training, I will be ready t o place that call to the trader in China, conduct a teleconference with xxx corporation in Tokyo, and visit the CFO in America. 2.Please describe your learning goals in the MBA program. Discuss the value of the MBA education as applied to your career plans(one to two, double-spaced) By selecting courses in my major such as management strategy, finance, and entrepreneurship, I intend to establish a firm and fundamental framework of business management knowledge that is essential to my carrer. And if possible, I will obtain summer internships at McKinsey and A.T. Kearney while enrolled at Yale, and attempt to gain an understanding of U.S. corporate culture, which will be essential to my international experience. If I am given the opportunity, I would like to study Corporate Finance and Financial Strategy. In my situation that I should come back to the xxx which was established by my deceased father and join the management team, without the knowledge of finance, I could not successfully manage the company and be an incompetent businessman. I would like to focus my studies on subjects relating to Entrepreneurship and Marketing. I believe that I am qualified to be competitive among your students because I have earned a certificate of Accounting and Finance, sponsored by the xxx. Along with this basic background, I am currently studying Finance as a graduate student at the xxx University Business School. Yale is my top choice for three main reasons. First of all, I would like to get engaged in the studies as to Strategy and Finance. In particular, I want to explore the comprehensive details about the strategic consulting through such subjects as Entrepreneurship and Corporate Finance. To the best of my knowledge, Yale SOM is academically strong enough be called International Center for Finance particularly in the field of finance. Second reason is the many advantages that can be offered from the location of your school, with worldwide competitive corporations gathered in New York and Boston. Third, I am planning to pursue the CFA in 2002 based on the knowledge related to the corporate finance, valuation and investment, and investment management that I will learn from Yale. I strongly believe that this certificate will enhance the credibility of my potential carrer to great extent. Essay 3: Optional Is there any information not presented elsewhere in the application or any aspect of your credentials that needs an explanation to help the Admissions Committee understand your candidacy? I would like to explain why I want to transfer to your school from xxx University which I am currently attending. First, the primary reason is the importance of alumni association in which the school advocates. I believe that close interpersonal relationship and networking will serve as the basis for practical business in the future. My colleagues and I will be able to learn the importance of cooperation in supportive environment that Yale will provide. For the past few months I have been in the U.S. with few connections, I realized the importance of a strong supportive alumni association. For instance, if an alumni association of Yale in Korea proves to be weak in the future, I believe that it can be a downside in proving my talents and in taking the advantage of networking as a businessman. For this reason, I made it necessity to transfer to a university in the Top 20 ranking. Secondly, Yale will enable me take the opportunity of its’ location. Due to the location of xxx University in a rural place, I am having a difficult time in experiencing the American culture. I would like to learn about American corporations that are located in the city and this will enable me to get a better grasp of the American market. With this knowledge, I believe that I can successfully apply it to xxx in xxx’s diverseness in customer characteristics. I would like to transfer to your university because of the opportunities that I can take from its location in the city because I realize that I cannot combine class time and individual studies from the xxx University, which is x hours away from the city. Thank You. Research Papers on Yale University Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized Testing

Neoliberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Neoliberalism - Essay Example At some point, economics advocated for the abolition of government intervention in economic matters and there were no restrictions whatsoever on economic matters. This paved way for free trade and competition allowing capitalists to maximize profits, as they desired. In the US, this type of liberalism prevailed through the 1800s and the early 1900s. US experienced a capitalist crisis much later on that was coupled with shrinking profits rates. This motivated the elite economists to revive economic liberalism hence neoliberalism, which has been met with criticism. In the United States, it has been said to destroy welfare programs, cutting back social problems as well as attacking the rights of laborers (Shah, 2010). The supporters and those benefiting from neoliberalism are a minority, compared to the world’s population and for the majority; it has brought suffering and denied protection of children, youth women as well as the globe itself. The minority who are benefiting from this new liberalism fail to realize that they are contributing to the undermining of the rights and privileges of the majority. Free trade leads to social damages since no restrictions will mean reduced wages following de-unionizing of workers and eliminating their rights. Supporters of this will claim that it will lead to increased growth. They fail to realize that it will not benefit everyone bit will oppress the majority. Expenses for infrastructure and social amenities such as hospitals and schools as well maintenance costs of infrastructure of road is minimised in the name of reducing government role. This is done but benefits received by the government such as subsidies and taxes are not minimised. Privatization of state owned enterprises and services such as banks, key industries, social amenities and electricity as well as fresh water supply. This will of course lead to concentrating the wealth only for the minority and the major populace

Global language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global language - Essay Example Moreover, to further business competencies, other nationalities who are able to provide other necessary skills are needed to be employed also. As a result, different races are required to work together. However, because of language barriers, problem may arise when the employees who are from diverse cultures are not able to understand each other. Therefore, a certain level of accuracy in speaking the English language is required by modern employments from applicants. As a result, the problem on miscommunication is lessened by this requirement. As a major role player in the current global business, Koreans, Japanese and Chinese students are enrolling in American schools for them to improve their communication skills and increase their possibility for employment. Most of the students encounter difficulties when they go to American universities. Compared to them, foreign students who arrive in the country at a younger age are able to be more resilient. This is the reason why a lot of students think that they should have come to the United States earlier than they had. Some also think that they could have been more equipped if they used English more often when they were studying in their own country. In addition, they say that they would have done everything they could if only they knew that they will be having such difficulty speaking in English in a foreign land. Consequently, many students made up their minds concerning their learning. Studying may be difficult for them but they do it anyway because they now understand its value. Reading a lot of English books and other materials is another means students employ to meet their needs. Watching English movies is another. However, most students prefer watching the news because they are sure to be able to follow correct grammar and word usage compared to watching movies. In addition, making friends with native

Health Information Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Information Exchange - Essay Example ea in several ways including but not limited to improved quality of patient care, reduced costs and faster communication between patients and medical professionals. Though many professional bodies and individuals support the installation of a HIE scheme, there exists several challenges to this which are still being addressed. Of these issues, privacy, confidentiality, possible unauthorized access and misuse of medical records are of primary concern. This essay will examine HIE in relation to defining it as a process and what it aims to achieve in the medical community. It will then look at its development within recent years as technical advancements have made it a possible method of faster information transmission. Challenges that remain within the area of HIE will then be briefly examined with a view to summarizing them to their main areas of concern. Potential solutions to these problems will then be described and a final concluding discussion will then follow. Health Information Exchange (HIE), is a term used to describe the process of information sharing in relation to the health of individuals, among Health Information Organizations (HIOs) across the world. The sharing of this information is aimed at maintaining individual confidentiality, privacy and security, while providing a faster and more effective way of sharing health-related information for the benefit of both patients and HIOs (AHIMA). HIE is a fundamental part of the health information technology (HIT) network which is currently being reviewed in the United States and the National Health Information Network (Health Information Exchange). It is still not fully developed but is expected to be implemented at some stage in the near future. It is the responsibility of Health Information Organizations to ensure the successful operation of HIE. In order for this to function, they must â€Å"create a standardized interoperable model that is patient centric, trusted, longitudinal, scalable, sustainable, and

The General Principles of Operation Management Essay

The General Principles of Operation Management - Essay Example Being selected by a lot of market research and surveys as the car of the year for a number of years it shows that, Toyota has an unbeaten record worldwide. Due to the good quality Toyota's worldwide fame and success kept going, back in 1995, Toyota was the top car in the Middle East. Moreover, TMC has manufactured extremely high-quality cars that do not make much noise or do they do produce unpleasant fumes, Toyota uses more than 40 emission-control systems, it also uses dozens of technologies that have improved passenger-car safety. 2) The second performance objective is speed, this objective highlights the fact that by doing things on reasonably fast speed, the company can minimize the time between the order and the availability of the product same goes for a service this tends to give the customer a speed advantage over other companies. The TMC's techniques are highly focused operations that lessen complexity by using easy as well as small machines, which are robust and supple. This is done by rearranging the layout along with the flow in order to improve simplicity improves the speed of production. Statistics of the late 1980 show how 27 years back the output per worker was a lot more than US or European plants. 3) The third performance objective is dependent... 3) The third performance objective is dependability, this objective highlights the fact that the organization has performed complete its production in the time period which it has promised the customer (David 2006). In order to get a better understanding of this objective a good example to quote here would be that TMC includes 'Just-in-time' (JIT) production system along with workers who are multi-skilled that work as a team, They use 'kanban control' which has permitted them to deliver products as they have promised. Improving efficiency as well as quality is the first and foremost concern of not only the managers and technical experts but also of each and every employee. So, it can be said that TMC is a good example of the third objective. 4) The fourth objective is 'flexibility', this objective involves the responding to a vibrant environment of the organization that brings change in their products and services it also changes the manner in which they do business. An organization has got to learn to love a change in order to develop flexible as well as responsive organizations to manage with a good dynamic business environment. (Peters, T. 1998) Again to demonstrate the importance of these objectives the example of TMC will be used. The TMC plant is always adopting new and innovative manufacturing resources, in order to launch new models at a fast pace. Due to this Toyota was able to attain an extremely high level of flexibility, producing fairly small batches of diverse models with slight or no loss at all of productivity or quality. TMC during the years has provided an array of options from which customers can select from.

An operational amplifier

An operational amplifier Introduction: Anoperational amplifier, which is often called anop-amp, is aDC-coupledhigh-gainelectronic voltageamplifierwith a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically millions of times larger than the voltagedifferencebetween its input terminals. Typically uses of the operational amplifier are to provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity), oscillators, filter circuits, and many types of instrumentation circuits. An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier stages to achieve a very high voltage gain. Typically the op-amps very large gain is controlled bynegative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain in amplifier applications, or thetransfer functionrequired. Without negative feedback, and possibly withpositive feedbackforregeneration, an op-amp essentially acts as acomparator. High inputimpedanceat the input terminals and low output impedance at the output terminals (ideally zero) are important typical characteristics. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps sometimes come in the form of macroscopic components, or asintegrated circuitcells; patterns that can be reprinted several times on one chip as part of a more complex device. The op-amp is one type ofdifferential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include thefully differential amplifier(similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), theinstrumentation amplifier(usually built from three op-amps), theisolation amplifier(similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), andnegative feedback amplifier(usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network). An Amplifier is made of: A Gain Block (ideally possessing infinite gain) Feedback A Network that sets the amount of feedback (e.g. resistors) The circuit symbol for an op-amp is shown to the right, where: The power supply pins (V_{text{S}!+}andV_{text{S}!-}) can be labelled in different ways). Despite different labelling, the function remains the same to provide additional power for amplification of signal. Often these pins are left out of the diagram for clarity, and the power configuration is described or assumed from the circuit. Op amps are versatile ICs that can perform a variety of mathematical functions. For this reason, they are the building blocks of many signal processing circuits. They have almost infinite gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance. Because of this, there is no current drawn at either input, and the voltage at both inputs must be equal (they are often drawn with a short connecting them) Op amps have two inputs, an inverting (-) and non inverting (+). A positive voltage source and negative voltage source or ground are connected directly to the op amp, although these are rarely shown on circuit diagrams. There is a single output, which is almost always connected to the inverting input with a feedback loop. Ideal Op Amps: There are three rules for analyzing op amp circuits. In addition to KVL and KCL, any op amp circuit should be solvable with these rules. Infinite input impedance. No current is drawn so: Infinite gain. This means that the input voltages must be equal. Zero output impedance. This means that output voltage does not depend on the output current. Real Op Amps: Ideal op amps are modelled with infinite gain and infinite impedance. While real op amps have high gain and low impedance, they are not infinite. This limiting factor can affect the performance of the circuit, so it should be considered. Another limitation of real op amps is voltage gain. Instead of being infinite, the maximum output voltage is about 1.4 V lower than the supply voltage (this is due to diode drops in the op amp). Ideal behaviour is not an accurate modelling technique when square waves are used. For this type of input, the voltage changes infinitely fast as it jumps from the high to the low parts of the wave. Op amps cant change instantaneously, there is a slight slope produced in the output. This can be measured by the slew rate (with is the change in voltage over the change in time). Rise time is another parameter used to calculate how quickly an op amp can adjust. The amount of time it takes the voltage to change from 10% to 90% of the desired value is the rise time. For application with square wave input, these two factors can affect the response of your circuit. Connecting an Op Amp: Op amps with Dual in Line Packages should be connected to a breadboard as shown here. The notch is at the top of the op-amp, with pins counted counter clockwise from the upper left corner. Operation: The amplifiers differential inputs consist of V_{!+}input and aV_{!-}input, and ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called thedifferential input voltage. The output voltage of the op-amp is given by the equation, WhereV_{!+}the voltage at the non-inverting terminal is,V_{!-}is the voltage at the inverting terminal andGopen-loopis theopen-loopgain of the amplifier. (The term open-loop refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input.) Op-amp with inverting input grounded through a resistor; input at the non-inverting input, and no feedback With no negative feedback, the op-amp acts as a switch. The inverting input is held at ground (0 V) by the resistor, so if the Vinapplied to the non-inverting input is positive, the output will be maximum positive, and if Vinis negative, the output will be maximum negative. Since there is no feedback from the output to either input, this is anopen loopcircuit. The circuits gain is just the Gopen-loopof the op-amp. Standard two-resistor non-inverting amplifier circuit The magnitude ofGopen-loopis typically very large-seldom less than a million-and therefore even a quite small difference betweenV_{!+}andV_{!-}(a few microvolts or less) will result in amplifier saturation, where the output voltage goes to either the extreme maximum or minimum end of its range, which is set approximately by the power supply voltages.Finleys lawstates that When the inverting and non-inverting inputs of an op-amp are not equal, its output is in saturation. Additionally, the precise magnitude ofGopen-loopis not well controlled by the manufacturing process, and so it is impractical to use an operational amplifier as a stand-alonedifferential amplifier. If linear operation is desired,negative feedbackmust be used, usually achieved by applying a portion of the output voltage to the inverting input. The feedback enables the output of the amplifier to keep the inputs at or near the same voltage so that saturation does not occur. Another benefit is that if much negative feedb ack is used, the circuits overall gain and other parameters become determined more by the feedback network than by the op-amp itself. If the feedback network is made of components with relatively constant, predictable, values such as resistors, capacitors and inductors, the unpredictability and inconstancy of the op-amps parameters (typical of semiconductor devices) do not seriously affect the circuits performance. If no negative feedback is used, the op-amp functions as a switch or comparator. Positive feedback may be used to introducehysteresisor oscillation. Returning to a consideration of linear (negative feedback) operation, the high open-loop gain and low input leakage current of the op-amp imply two golden rules that are highly useful in analysing linear op-amp circuits. Golden rules of op-amp negative feedback Ifthere is negative feedback andifthe output is not saturated, both inputs are at the same voltage; no current flows in or out of either input. These rules are true of the ideal op-amp and for practical purposes are true of real op-amps unless very high-speed or high-precision performance is being contemplated (in which case account must be taken of things such as input capacitance, input bias currents and voltages, finite speed, and otherop-amp imperfections, discussed in a later section.) As a consequence of the first rule, theinput impedanceof the two inputs will be nearly infinite. That is, even if the open-loop impedance between the two inputs is low, the closed-loop input impedance will be high because the inputs will be held at nearly the same voltage. This impedance is considered as infinite for an ideal opamp and is about onemegaohmin practice. Ideal and real op-amps: An equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier that models some resistive non-ideal parameters. An ideal op-amp is usually considered to have the following properties, and they are considered to hold for all input voltages: Infiniteopen-loop gain(when doing theoretical analysis, alimitmay be taken as open loop gainGgoes to infinity) Infinite voltage range available at the output (vout) (in practice the voltages available from the output are limited by the supply voltagesV_{text{S}!+}andV_{text{S}!-}) Infinitebandwidth(i.e., the frequency magnitude response is considered to be flat everywhere with zerophase shift). Infiniteinput impedance(so, in the diagram,R_{text{in}} = infty, and zero current flows fromv_{!+}tov_{!-}) Zero input current (i.e., there is assumed to be noleakageorbiascurrent into the device) Zeroinput offset voltage(i.e., when the input terminals are shorted so thatv_{!+}=v_{!-}, the output is avirtual groundor vout= 0). Infiniteslew rate(i.e., the rate of change of the output voltage is unbounded) and power bandwidth (full output voltage and current available at all frequencies). Zerooutput impedance(i.e.,Rout= 0, so that output voltage does not vary with output current) Zeronoise InfiniteCommon-mode rejection ratio(CMRR) InfinitePower supply rejection ratiofor both power supply rails. In practice, none of these ideals can be realized, and various shortcomings and compromises have to be accepted. Depending on the parameters of interest, a real op-amp may be modelled to take account of some of the non-infinite or non-zero parameters using equivalent resistors and capacitors in the op-amp model. The designer can then include the effects of these undesirable, but real, effects into the overall performance of the final circuit. Some parameters may turn out to havenegligibleeffect on the final design while others represent actual limitations of the final performance that must be evaluated. History: 1941: First (vacuum tube) op-amp An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedbackamplifier, is first found in US Patent 2,401,779 Summing Amplifier filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell labs in 1941. This design used threevacuum tubesto achieve a gain of 90dB and operated on voltage rails of  ±350V. It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in todays op-amps. ThroughoutWorld War II, Swartzels design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9artillery directordesigned at Bell Labs. This artillery director worked with the SCR584radarsystem to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that would not have been possible otherwise. 1947: First op-amp with an explicit non-inverting input In 1947, the operational amplifier was first formally defined and named in a paper by Professor John R. Ragazzini of Columbia University. In this same paper a footnote mentioned an op-amp design by a student that would turn out to be quite significant. This op-amp, designed by Loebe Julie, was superior in a variety of ways. It had two major innovations. Its input stage used a long-tailedtriode pair with loads matched to reducedriftin the output and, far more importantly, it was the first op-amp design to have two inputs (one inverting, the other non-inverting). The differential input made a whole range of new functionality possible, but it would not be used for a long time due to the rise of the chopper-stabilized amplifier. 1949: First chopper-stabilized op-amp In 1949, Edwin A. Goldberg designed achopper-stabilized op-amp.This set-up uses a normal op-amp with an additionalACamplifier that goes alongside the op-amp. The chopper gets an AC signal fromDCby switching between the DC voltage and ground at a fast rate (60Hz or 400Hz). This signal is then amplified, rectified, filtered and fed into the op-amps non-inverting input. This vastly improved the gain of the op-amp while significantly reducing the output drift and DC offset. Unfortunately, any design that used a chopper couldnt use their non-inverting input for any other purpose. Nevertheless, the much improved characteristics of the chopper-stabilized op-amp made it the dominant way to use op-amps. Techniques that used the non-inverting input regularly would not be very popular until the 1960s when op-ampICsstarted to show up in the field. In 1953, vacuum tube op-amps became commercially available with the release of the model K2-W from George A. Philbrick Researches, Incorporated. The designation on the devices shown, GAP/R, is a contraction for the complete company name. Two nine-pin 12AX7 vacuum tubes were mounted in an octal package and had a model K2-P chopper add-on available that would effectively use up the non-inverting input. This op-amp was based on a descendant of Loebe Julies 1947 design and, along with its successors, would start the widespread use of op-amps in industry. 1961: First discrete IC op-amps With the birth of thetransistorin 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a reality. The introduction of theplanar processin 1959 made transistors and ICs stable enough to be commercially useful. By 1961, solid-state, discrete op-amps were being produced. These op-amps were effectively small circuit boards with packages such as edge-connectors. They usually had hand-selected resistors in order to improve things such as voltage offset and drift. The P45 (1961) had a gain of 94dB and ran on  ±15V rails. It was intended to deal with signals in the range of  ±10V. 1962: First op-amps in potted modules By 1962, several companies were producing modular potted packages that could be plugged intoprinted circuit boards. These packages were crucially important as they made the operational amplifier into a singleblack boxwhich could be easily treated as a component in a larger circuit. 1963: First monolithic IC op-amp In 1963, the first monolithic IC op-amp, the  µA702 designed byBob Widlarat Fairchild Semiconductor, was released. MonolithicICsconsist of a single chip as opposed to a chip and discrete parts (a discrete IC) or multiple chips bonded and connected on a circuit board (a hybrid IC). Almost all modern op-amps are monolithic ICs; however, this first IC did not meet with much success. Issues such as an uneven supply voltage, low gain and a small dynamic range held off the dominance of monolithic op-amps until 1965 when the  µA709 was released. 1966: First varactor bridge op-amps Since the 741, there have been many different directions taken in op-amp design.Varactorbridge op-amps started to be produced in the late 1960s; they were designed to have extremely small input current and are still amongst the best op-amps available in terms of common-mode rejection with the ability to correctly deal with hundreds of volts at their inputs. 1968: Release of the  µA741 The popularity of monolithic op-amps was further improved upon the release of the LM101 in 1967, which solved a variety of issues, and the subsequent release of the  µA741 in 1968. The  µA741 was extremely similar to the LM101 except that Fairchilds facilities allowed them to include a 30pF compensation capacitor inside the chip instead of requiring external compensation. This simple difference has made the 741thecanonical op-amp and many modern amps base their pin out on the 741s.The  µA741 is still in production, and has become ubiquitous in electronics-many manufacturers produce a version of this classic chip, recognizable by part numbers containing741. 1970: First high-speed, low-input current FET design In the 1970s high speed, low-input current designs started to be made by usingFETs. These would be largely replaced by op-amps made withMOSFETsin the 1980s. During the 1970s single sided supply op-amps also became available. 1972: Single sided supply op-amps being produced A single sided supply op-amp is one where the input and output voltages can be as low as the negative power supply voltage instead of needing to be at least two volts above it. The result is that it can operate in many applications with the negative supply pin on the op-amp being connected to the signal ground, thus eliminating the need for a separate negative power supply. The LM324 (released in 1972) was one such op-amp that came in a quad package (four separate op-amps in one package) and became an industry standard. In addition to packaging multiple op-amps in a single package, the 1970s also saw the birth of op-amps in hybrid packages. These op-amps were generally improved versions of existing monolithic op-amps. As the properties of monolithic op-amps improved, the more complex hybrid ICs were quickly relegated to systems that are required to have extremely long service lives or other specialty systems. Recent trends Recently supply voltages in analog circuits have decreased (as they have in digital logic) and low-voltage op-amps have been introduced reflecting this. Supplies of  ±5V and increasingly 5V are common. To maximize the signal range modern op-amps commonly have rail-to-rail inputs (the input signals can range from the lowest supply voltage to the highest) and sometimes rail-to-rail outputs. A very typical commercial IC op amp circuit is the 741. This IC has been available for many years, and a number of variations have been developed to help minimize the errors inherent in its construction and operation. Nevertheless, the analysis we will perform here using the 741 will apply to any other IC op amp, if you take into account the actual parameters of the device you are actually using. Therefore, we will use the 741 as our example IC op amp. A differential amplifier connected as an op amp. To the right is a circuit using the 741 op amp IC, with the input and feedback resistors that are required for this circuit to operate properly in an analog computer. Note that there are actually two inputs to the amplifier, designated + and - in the figure. This is because the 741, like all IC op amps of this type, is in fact a differential amplifier. Thus, the output voltage is determined by thedifferencebetween the two input voltages. The +, or non-inverting input, is grounded through a resistor as shown. Thus, its input voltage is always zero. The -, or inverting input, is the one that is actively used. Thus, we establish that the inverting input, which is also the junction of the input and feedback resistors, must operate as a virtual ground in order to keep the output voltage within bounds. So far, so good, but what about the actual voltage gain? It cant possibly be infinite, and if it isnt infinite, there must be some non-zero input voltage to produce a non-zero output voltage. In fact, the typical open-loop voltage gain for the 741 is 200,000. This does not mean that every such device has a gain of 200,000, however. What is guaranteed is that the commercial version (the 741C) will have a minimum gain of 20,000. The military version is more stringently selected, and will have a minimum voltage gain of 50,000. For the 741C, then, with a maximum output voltage of  ±10 volts, the maximum input voltage required at the inverting input can never be more than  ±10/20,000 =  ±0.0005 volt, or 0.5 milli volts. Typical measurement accuracy uses three significant digits, so we would measure voltages from 0.00 volts to  ±10.00 volts. The maximum input voltage is more than an order of magnitude smaller than this, and hence is insignificant in a typical analog computer. But what about input bias current? Surely the IC requires at leastsomesmall amount of input current? Well, yes, it does. The 741C requires a typical input bias current of 80 nA (thats nano Amperes, where 1nA=10-9A). The maximum input bias current for the 741C is 500nA, or 0.5 µA. So how do we use this information to minimize the errors it could cause into insignificance? Well, lets consider the resistance that would be required for this current to cause a significant voltage drop. If we keep the voltage error small enough, we can ignore it as immeasurable. This means we must keep the values of Rinand Rfas small as possible, consistent with proper operation of the circuit. At the same time, we cannot make them too small, or the op amp itself will be overloaded. For proper operation, the total load resistance at the 741 output should not be smaller than 2000 ohms, or 2k. This amounts to a maximum output current of 5 mA at 10 volts output. This means that the output resistance of the op amp is not the desired zero ohms. However, as long as you dont draw too much current from the output, the use of heavy negative feedback has an added benefit: It makes the op amp behaveas ifit had zero output resistance. That is, any internal resistance will simply mean that the op amp must produce an internal voltage enough higher than the calculated value so that the final output voltage will be the calculated value. So what if we make our input and feedback resistors about 10k each? Then the current demand on the output is only 1 mA at 10 volts, leaving plenty of capacity for additional inputs. And the voltage caused by the input bias current wont exceed 10,000-0.5-10-6=0.005volt. This is half of the least significant digit of our measurement capability, which is not as good as we would like, but will do. Also, this is the absolute worst-case situation; most practical applications wont see an error this big. In addition, the input bias current applies equally to both inputs. This is the reason for the resistor connecting the + input to ground. If this resistor is close in value to the parallel combination of Rin and Rf, the same voltage error will be generated at the two inputs, and will therefore be cancelled out, or very nearly. Thus, we can relegate this problem to true insignificance by means of correct circuit design and careful choice of component values. The 741 does also have two error characteristics, calledinput offset voltageandinput offset current, which define the inherent errors which may exist between the two inputs to the IC. However, the 741 also has the means for balancing these variations out, so the actual errors are minimized or eliminated, thus once again removing them from significance. A problem with any op amp is a limited frequency response. The higher the gain of the complete circuit, the lower the working frequency response. This is one reason an overall gain of 20 is a practical limit. (Another reason is that the input and feedback resistors become too different from each other.) Also, the standard 741 has aslew rateof 0.5v/ µs. This means that the output voltage cannot change any faster than this. The newer generation of op amps, such as the 741S, have a slew rate more like 5v/ µs, and hence can operate over the entire audio range of frequencies without serious problems. Classification of Operational Amplifier: Op-amps may be classified by their construction: discrete (built from individualtransistorsortubes/valves) IC (fabricated in anIntegrated circuit) most common hybrid IC op-amps may be classified in many ways, including: Military, Industrial, or Commercial grade (for example: the LM301 is the commercial grade version of the LM101, the LM201 is the industrial version). This may defineoperating temperatureranges and other environmental or quality factors. Classification by package type may also affect environmental hardiness, as well as manufacturing options;DIP, and other through-hole packages are tending to be replaced bySurface-mount devices. Classification by internal compensation: op-amps may suffer from high frequencyinstabilityin somenegative feedbackcircuits unless a small compensation capacitor modifies the phase- and frequency- responses; op-amps with capacitor built in are termedcompensated, or perhaps compensated forclosed-loopgains down to (say) 5, others: uncompensated. Single, dual and quad versions of many commercial op-amp IC are available, meaning 1, 2 or 4 operational amplifiers are included in the same package. Rail-to-rail input (and/or output) op-amps can work with input (and/or output) signals very close to the power supply rails. CMOSop-amps (such as the CA3140E) provide extremely high input resistances, higher thanJFET-input op-amps, which are normally higher thanbipolar-input op-amps. Other varieties of op-amp include programmable op-amps (simply meaning the quiescent current, gain, and bandwidth and so on can be adjusted slightly by an external resistor). Manufacturers often tabulate their op-amps according to purpose, such as low-noise pre-amplifiers, wide bandwidth amplifiers, and so on. Single-Ended Inputs With single-ended inputs you connect one wire from each signal source to the data acquisition interface the Micro link. The measurement is the difference between the signal and the ground or earth at the Micro link. This method relies on the signal source being grounded (earthed), and the signal sources ground and the Micro links ground having the same value. Differences in Ground Levels We think of the ground as a constant 0V, but in reality the ground, or earth, is at a different level in different places. The closer together the places, the more likely the ground level will be the same. Make a connection between two grounds and the difference in levels can drive large currents, known as earth or ground loops. This can lead to errors when using single-ended inputs. Noise Errors Single-ended inputs are sensitive to noise errors. Noise (unwanted signal contamination) is added because signal wires act as aerials, picking up environmental electrical activity. With single-ended inputs you have no way of distinguishing between the signal and the noise. The ground and noise problems can be solved by differential inputs. Differential Inputs With differential inputs, two signal wires run from each signal source to the Microlink. One goes to a + input and one to a input. Two high-impedance amplifiers monitor the voltage between the input and the interface ground. The outputs of the two amplifiers are then subtracted by a third amplifier to give the difference between the + and inputs, meaning that any voltage common to both wires is removed. This can solve both of the problems caused by single-ended connections. It means that differences in grounds are irrelevant (as long as they arent too large for the amplifier to handle). It also reduces noise twisting wires together will ensure that any noise picked up will be the same for each wire. Floating Signals A common problem when using differential inputs is neglecting any connection to ground. For example, battery-powered instruments and thermocouples have no connection to a buildings ground. You could connect a battery, for instance, between the Micro links + and inputs. The 2 input amplifiers will try to monitor the voltages + to earth and to ground. However, as there is no connection between the battery and ground, these voltages to ground could be any value and may be too large for the amplifier to handle. For these floating signal sources you should provide a reference. The Micro link has a socket labelled 0V. Run a wire from, say, the wire to this OV socket, either directly or via a resistor. (If your signal source is itself grounded dont make a connection to the Micro links 0V socket.) Amplifier Ability and Operating Range The three amplifiers used for differential inputs are collectively known as an instrumentation amplifier. Ideally, as previously described, any voltage common to both wires (common mode voltage) is cancelled. In practice the two input amplifiers are not perfectly matched so a fraction of the common mode voltage may appear. How closely the instrumentation amplifier approaches the ideal is expressed as the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This is the reciprocal of the fraction let through and is usually given in decibels. The higher the rejection ratio the better. Another specification to look for is the common mode range. This is the maximum contamination voltage with which the amplifier can cope. If the difference in ground levels between your interface and signal source exceeds this value, your measurement will be inaccurate. Less Signals with Differential Inputs? An obvious disadvantage of differential inputs is that you need twice as many wires, so you can connect only half the number of signals, compared to single-ended inputs. Should you decide that single-ended inputs are OK for you if you have short signal wires, close together signal sources, and signals larger than around 100 mV for e.g. you can use differential inputs in single-ended mode. To do this short one of the signal wires (usually the input) to the Micro link V input. Differential inputs, therefore, give you the option of either mode. Op-Amp Characteristics: A very typical commercial IC op amp circuit is the 741. This IC has been available for many years, and a number of variations have been developed to help minimize the errors inherent in its construction and operation. Nevertheless, the analysis we will perform here using the 741 will apply to any other IC op amp, if you take into account the actual parameters of the device you are actually using. Therefore, we will use the 741 as our example IC op amp. A differential amplifier connected as an op amp. To the right is a circuit using the 741 op amp IC, with the input and feedback resistors that are required for this circuit to operate properly in an analog computer. Note that there are actually two inputs to the amplifier, designated + and - in the figure. This is because the 741, like all IC op amps of this type, is in fact a differential amplifier. Thus, the output voltage is determined by thedifferencebetween the two input voltages. The +, or non-inverting input, is grounded through a resistor as shown. Thus, its input voltage is always zero. The -, or inverting input, is the one that is actively used. Thus, we establish that the inverting input, which is also the junction of the input and feedback resistors, must operate as a virtual ground in order t